All 18 National Heroes of Nepal: Honoring the Pride of the Nation

Nepal, a country rich in culture, spirituality, and history, has always revered individuals who shaped its identity and destiny. These remarkable personalities, officially recognized as Rashtriya Bibhuti (National Heroes of Nepal), represent bravery, sacrifice, wisdom, reform, and creativity.

The concept of honoring national heroes began in 1955 (2012 B.S.), when King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev formed a commission under literary figure Bal Krishna Sama. The committee announced the first 13 heroes, and over the years, five more were added, bringing the total to 18 National Heroes of Nepal.

From Gautam Buddha, the Light of Asia, to Pasang Lhamu Sherpa, the first Nepali woman to climb Everest, these icons collectively embody the values of resilience, spirituality, cultural pride, and patriotism.

This article provides a detailed guide to all 18 National Heroes of Nepal, their contributions, and why they continue to inspire generations.

Overview

National heroes are not just historical figures—they are symbols of a nation’s pride, identity, and collective memory. In Nepal, these heroes represent:

• Religious & Spiritual Leaders – Gautam Buddha, Mahaguru Phalgunanda
• Kings & Monarchs – King Janak, King Ram Shah, King Prithvi Narayan Shah, King Tribhuvan
• Military Leaders & Martyrs – Amar Singh Thapa, Balbhadra Kunwar, Bhakti Thapa
• Poets, Writers & Reformers – Bhanubhakta Acharya, Motiram Bhatta, Sankhadhar Sakhwa, Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh
• Trailblazing Icons – Araniko (architect), Pasang Lhamu Sherpa (mountaineer), Sita (ideal womanhood)

Each figure was declared a hero posthumously for their role in shaping Nepal’s religion, culture, economy, literature, democracy, or military defense.

18 National Heroes of Nepal

Here is the complete list of Nepal’s national heroes:

1. Gautam Buddha
2. Amshuverma
3. King Janak
4. Sita
5. Araniko
6. King Ram Shah
7. King Prithvi Narayan Shah
8. Amar Singh Thapa
9. Bhimsen Thapa
10. Bhanubhakta Acharya
11. Balbhadra Kunwar
12. Motiram Bhatta
13. Sankhadhar Sakhwa
14. Pasang Lhamu Sherpa
15. Mahaguru Phalgunanda
16. King Tribhuvan
17. Bhakti Thapa
18. Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh

Detailed Biographies

1. Gautam Buddha

Era: 563 BCE – 483 BCE
Birthplace: Lumbini, Kapilvastu (modern-day Rupandehi, Nepal)

Early Life

Born as Siddhartha Gautama into the Shakya royal family, Gautam Buddha lived in luxury during his early years. His father, King Suddhodana, wanted him to inherit the throne and shielded him from worldly suffering. However, the “Four Encounters”—an old man, a sick man, a corpse, and a monk—changed his life, compelling him to seek the truth of existence.

Enlightenment

At age 29, Siddhartha renounced his palace life and meditated in forests, practicing asceticism. After years of struggle, he meditated beneath the Bodhi Tree in Bodh Gaya (India) and attained enlightenment at 35, becoming the Buddha (the Enlightened One).

Teachings & Contributions

• Introduced the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path, guiding humanity on ending suffering.
• Advocated the Middle Way—a balance between extreme luxury and asceticism.
• His philosophy shaped Buddhism, one of the world’s great religions, spreading from Nepal and India to Asia and beyond.

Legacy

Revered as the Light of Asia, Gautam Buddha’s birthplace in Nepal is a UNESCO World Heritage site and a global pilgrimage center. His universal message of peace and compassion continues to shape Nepal’s cultural and spiritual pride.

2. Amshuverma

Era: 595 CE – 621 CE
Dynasty: Licchavi

Early Life & Rise to Power

Amshuverma rose as a capable leader during the Licchavi dynasty and was appointed Mahasamanta (chief minister) under King Shivadeva I. His competence and charisma led him to become the de facto ruler of Nepal.

Contributions

• Architecture & Culture: Built the famous Kailashkut Bhawan palace, which showcased Nepalese architectural brilliance.
• Education: Encouraged Sanskrit learning and promoted Nepal as a hub of knowledge.
• Economy: Expanded trade with Tibet, India, and China. Nepal’s strategic location flourished under his leadership.
• Social Reform: Promoted marriage alliances with powerful neighbors, strengthening Nepal’s geopolitical position.

Legacy

Amshuverma was recognized as both a warrior and diplomat. His reign marked a golden age of Licchavi art, literature, and governance. His contributions in laying cultural and diplomatic foundations make him a lasting hero of Nepalese civilization.

3.King Janak

Era: Treta Yuga (Mythological – Ancient Mithila Kingdom)

Early Life

King Janak, ruler of Mithila (present-day Janakpur, Nepal), is revered in both Hindu philosophy and Nepalese heritage. Known as Videha Raja, he was a philosopher-king deeply devoted to dharma (righteousness).

Contributions

• A strong patron of sages and philosophers, especially Rishi Yajnavalkya, whose Upanishadic teachings shaped Hindu thought.
• Advocated ideal kingship—balancing material duty with spiritual pursuit.
• His court became a center of Vedic philosophy, promoting dialogue, education, and justice.
• Father of Sita, linking him to the Ramayana and cultural traditions of Nepal and India.

Legacy

King Janak symbolizes just governance, spiritual wisdom, and dharmic leadership. Janakpur today stands as a major religious and cultural hub, celebrating his contribution to civilization. His life proves that rulers can embody both political power and philosophical depth.

4. Sita – The Epitome of Purity and Strength

Era: Treta Yuga (Mythological – Ramayana Period)
Birthplace: Janakpur, Nepal

Early Life

Sita, also known as Janaki, was the daughter of King Janak of Mithila. According to the Ramayana, she was discovered in a furrow while King Janak was ploughing the fields, symbolizing her divine connection with the earth. Raised in the palace, she was admired for her beauty, wisdom, and virtue.

Contributions & Role in Ramayana

• Married Lord Rama after the famous Swayamvara, where Rama lifted and strung the mighty bow of Lord Shiva.
• Embodied loyalty and courage during her years of exile in the forest.
• Kidnapped by Ravana, she upheld her honor and resisted his advances with unshakable faith.
• After being rescued in the great war of Lanka, she underwent the Agni Pariksha (trial by fire) to prove her purity.

Legacy

Sita is celebrated as the ideal woman in Hindu culture—symbolizing devotion, sacrifice, and resilience. In Nepal, Janakpur remains a pilgrimage site where the Ram Janaki Temple honors her life. She continues to inspire Nepalese women as a symbol of strength, dignity, and moral character.

5. Araniko – The Master Architect of Asia

Era: 1245 CE – 1306 CE
Birthplace: Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Early Life

Born in the Kathmandu Valley, Araniko (often spelled Arniko) was a child prodigy in painting, sculpture, and architecture. At just 17, he was selected to lead a group of artisans sent by King Jayabhimdev of Nepal to Tibet on the request of Kublai Khan, the Mongol emperor of China.

Contributions

• Architecture in China: Designed and supervised the construction of the White Stupa (Miaoying Temple) in Beijing, which still stands as a masterpiece.
• Spread of Nepalese Art: Introduced the Nepalese Pagoda style to Tibet, China, and beyond, influencing Asian architecture.
• Court Architect: Served as the official court artist of Kublai Khan, producing paintings, sculptures, and temples.
• Cultural Ambassador: His works acted as a cultural bridge between Nepal and the wider Asian world.

Legacy

Araniko elevated Nepal’s reputation as the land of skilled artisans. The spread of pagoda-style temples across Asia can be traced to his genius. He symbolizes Nepal’s contribution to global art, architecture, and cultural diplomacy.

6. King Ram Shah: The Visionary Monarch King

Era: Reign (1606–1636 CE)
Dynasty: Shah Dynasty

Early Life & Rule

Ram Shah was the ruler of the Gorkha Kingdom long before Nepal’s unification. Known for his visionary leadership and justice system, he transformed Gorkha into a well-administered and respected state.

Contributions

• Justice System: Popularized the saying “Nyaya Napaye Gorkha Jana” (If you don’t get justice anywhere, go to Gorkha), showcasing his reputation as a fair king.
• Administration: Introduced clear tax laws, regulated trade, and provided protection to farmers and traders.
• Unification Roots: Strengthened Gorkha politically and militarily, laying the groundwork for the future unification of Nepal under his descendant, Prithvi Narayan Shah.
• Religion & Culture: Promoted Hindu traditions and supported the building of temples and cultural sites.

Legacy

King Ram Shah is remembered as Nepal’s model of just governance. His fairness in law and administration remains legendary, making him an inspiration for leadership rooted in integrity and equality.

7. Prithvi Narayan Shah – The Unifier of Nepal

Era: 1723–1775 CE
Dynasty: Shah Dynasty

Early Life

Born in Gorkha, Prithvi Narayan Shah inherited the throne at age 20. Observing the fragmented small kingdoms in the Kathmandu Valley, he envisioned a unified, sovereign Nepal free from foreign domination.

Contributions

• Unification Campaign: Led military campaigns that annexed Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktapur, unifying multiple principalities under one rule.
• Defense & Diplomacy: Fortified borders, built strategic forts, and maintained Nepal’s independence against expanding powers like the British East India Company.
• Economic Reforms: Encouraged internal trade and self-sufficiency to strengthen the kingdom’s economy.
• Cultural Preservation: Supported temples, festivals, and local arts, ensuring cultural continuity amidst political change.

Legacy

Revered as the Father of the Nation, Prithvi Narayan Shah’s vision shaped modern Nepal. His strategic genius and patriotism are commemorated through statues, coins, and Nepalese school curricula, inspiring generations.

Read More: Facts About Prithvi Narayan Shah

8. Amar Singh Thapa (Bada Kaji) – The Lion of the West

Era: 1751–1816 CE

Early Life

Amar Singh Thapa was born into a noble family in the Gorkha region. He grew into a skilled military strategist and became a central figure in the unification of Nepal under Prithvi Narayan Shah.

Contributions

• Military Leadership: Commanded forces in campaigns to annex western regions like Kumaon and Garhwal.
• Anglo-Nepalese War: Led defense operations, showcasing strategic brilliance against British forces.
• Social Contributions: Built temples such as the Gangotri Temple and the Sri Ram Temple in Janakpur, integrating civic welfare with spiritual dedication.

Legacy

Known as Bada Kaji, or Senior Commander, Amar Singh Thapa epitomizes courage, patriotism, and devotion. His leadership and selfless service continue to inspire Nepalese military and citizens alike.

9. Bhimsen Thapa – First Prime Minister & Reformer

Era: 1775–1839 CE

Early Life

Born in Gorkha, Bhimsen Thapa rose through military ranks to become Mukhtiyar (Prime Minister) of Nepal at age 24, under King Rana Bahadur Shah.

Contributions

• Modernization: Expanded Nepal’s army, built roads, waterworks, and initiated the Dharahara Tower.
• Foreign Policy: Skillfully managed relations with the British, maintaining sovereignty after the Anglo-Nepalese War despite territorial losses.
• Social Reforms: Promoted education, trade, and internal security to stabilize the nation.
• Resilience: Even after political setbacks, he remained a symbol of dedication to Nepal’s welfare.

Legacy

Bhimsen Thapa’s tenure strengthened Nepal’s political and military foundations. Despite facing conspiracies and eventual downfall, he is remembered as a visionary leader who balanced reform, defense, and governance.

10. Bhanubhakta Acharya – Adikavi, Voice of Nepali Literature

Era: 1814–1868 CE

Early Life

Bhanubhakta Acharya, born in Chundi Ramgha, Tanahun, is celebrated as the first poet of the Nepali language. Raised in a devout Hindu family, he learned Sanskrit and Nepali literature from an early age.

Contributions

• Translation of Ramayana: First to translate the epic Ramayana from Sanskrit to Nepali, making it accessible to common people.
• Promotion of Nepali Language: Through his poetry, he elevated Nepali as a literary language.
• Poetic Style: Introduced narrative poetry focusing on morality, devotion, and nationalism, inspiring future generations.
• Cultural Identity: His works preserved Nepalese culture, values, and the Nepali language during foreign influences.

Legacy

Bhanubhakta Acharya is honored as Adikavi (First Poet) of Nepal. His literary contributions are taught in schools, and his birthday, Bhanubhakta Jayanti, is celebrated nationwide, keeping Nepali language and culture alive.

11. Balbhadra Kunwar – Defender of Nalapani

Era: 1789–1823 CE

Early Life

Born in the Gorkha region, Balbhadra Kunwar was a fearless soldier in the Nepalese army. He is most renowned for his bravery during the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816).

Contributions

• Defense of Nalapani Fort: Commanded 600 troops against a vastly superior British force, displaying remarkable strategy and courage.
• Military Career: Later served in the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, leading Gorkha regiments.
• Martyrdom: Died in battle at Nowshera (present-day Pakistan) in 1823, exemplifying valor until his last breath.

Legacy

Balbhadra Kunwar symbolizes patriotism and courage. His defense of Nepalese sovereignty remains legendary and is celebrated in schools, military institutions, and Nepalese culture.

12. Motiram Bhatta – Literary Critic and Revivalist

Era: 1866–1896 CE

Early Life

Motiram Bhatta, born in Kathmandu, was a versatile literary figure: poet, critic, publisher, and polyglot. He mastered Nepali, Sanskrit, Persian, Bengali, English, Urdu, and Nepal Bhasa.

Contributions

• Rediscovery of Bhanubhakta Acharya: Published Bhanubhakta’s works, reviving the legacy of Adikavi.
• Ghazal Introduction: Introduced the ghazal poetic form to Nepali literature.
• Printing Press Pioneer: Established Nepal’s first private printing press (~1888 BS), revolutionizing publication.
• Biographical Writing: Authored biographies and essays, laying foundations for literary criticism in Nepal.

Legacy

Motiram Bhatta is revered as a literary pioneer. His efforts preserved Nepali literature, introduced new styles, and inspired generations of writers and scholars.

13. Sankhadhar Sakhwa – Founder of Nepal Sambat

Era: 879–965 CE (approx.)
Birthplace: Kathmandu Valley

Early Life

Sankhadhar Sakhwa was born into a merchant family in Kathmandu Valley. He is celebrated not only as a philanthropist but also as a social reformer who contributed to Nepal’s cultural and economic identity.

Contributions

• Founder of Nepal Sambat: Sankhadhar is credited with establishing the Nepal Sambat calendar in 879 CE, marking the beginning of a uniquely Nepalese cultural era.
• Social Reform: Donated wealth to pay off the debts of the poor, demonstrating his commitment to social justice.
• Cultural Preservation: Promoted Newar language, arts, and traditions through his patronage and philanthropy.

Legacy

Sankhadhar Sakhwa remains a symbol of social responsibility and civic duty. The Nepal Sambat calendar, still recognized today, reflects his enduring influence on Nepalese culture and heritage.

14. Pasang Lhamu Sherpa – Trailblazer on Everest

Era: 1961–1993
Birthplace: Lukla, Solukhumbu, Nepal

Early Life

Pasang Lhamu Sherpa was born into a Sherpa family in the mountainous Solukhumbu district. From a young age, she was drawn to mountaineering, inspired by the Himalayan peaks surrounding her home.

Contributions

• First Nepali Woman on Everest: In 1993, she became the first Nepalese woman to summit Mount Everest, breaking gender barriers in mountaineering.
• Role Model: Her courage inspired countless women in Nepal and globally to pursue high-altitude mountaineering and other ambitious careers.
• Legacy in Safety & Training: Her climb promoted improved mountaineering safety practices and increased awareness about women in adventure sports.

Legacy

Pasang Lhamu Sherpa symbolizes courage, perseverance, and empowerment. Her achievements continue to inspire Nepalese women and mountaineers worldwide.

15. Mahaguru Phalgunanda – Spiritual and Social Reformer

Era: 1885–1949 CE
Birthplace: Ilam, Eastern Nepal

Early Life

Phalgunanda Lingden, popularly known as Mahaguru Phalgunanda, was born in Ilam. He became a spiritual leader advocating for the Kirat Mundhum religion, social reform, and ethical living.

Contributions

• Spiritual Leadership: Revived Kirat traditions, promoted vegetarianism, and discouraged animal sacrifice and alcohol consumption.
• Social Reforms: Advocated education, unity, and equality among marginalized Kirat communities.
• Promotion of Literacy: Encouraged the use of Sirijanga script and preservation of native language and culture.
• Declaration of Faith: Initiated the Satya Dharma Muchulka (Declaration of True Religion) in 1931 BS, emphasizing moral and social ethics.

Legacy

Mahaguru Phalgunanda is honored as a spiritual luminary. His teachings continue to influence the Kirat community and broader Nepalese society, promoting peace, equality, and cultural pride.

16. King Tribhuvan – The Father of Democracy

Era: 1906–1955 CE
Reign: 1911–1955 (with interruptions)
Dynasty: Shah Dynasty

Early Life

King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah was born into the Shah royal family and ascended the throne during the autocratic Rana regime in Nepal. Despite limited political power, he envisioned a democratic Nepal.

Contributions

• Democratic Movement: Played a decisive role in ending the 104-year Rana autocracy.
• Exile & Return: Fled to India in 1950, supporting the Nepalese revolution from exile; returned in 1951, marking the beginning of constitutional monarchy and democracy.
• People’s King: Advocated education, modernization, and public welfare while respecting Nepal’s traditions.

Legacy

King Tribhuvan is celebrated as the People’s Monarch, whose courage and vision ushered in Nepal’s democratic era. His birthday and memorials honor his contributions to freedom, equality, and governance.

17. Bhakti Thapa – Heroic General of Deothal

Era: 1741–1815 CE

Early Life

Born in the Gorkha region, Bhakti Thapa was a seasoned military commander. Even at 74, he led Nepalese forces during the Anglo-Nepalese War, showcasing unmatched valor.

Contributions

• Battle of Deothal (1815): Led 2,000 troops against the British; fought bravely despite overwhelming odds.
• Martyrdom: Fell in battle, epitomizing Nepalese courage and selflessness.
• Inspiration: Remembered as a military hero who defended Nepal’s sovereignty and honor.

Legacy

Bhakti Thapa symbolizes patriotism, bravery, and sacrifice. His story is taught in military academies and celebrated nationally, making him one of Nepal’s enduring heroes.

18. Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh – Humanist & Educationist

Era: 1877–1940 CE
Birthplace: Bajhang, Far-Western Nepal

Early Life

Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh was born into the far-western royal family of Nepal. From a young age, he dedicated his life to humanitarianism, education, and social reform.

Contributions

• Education Pioneer: Founded schools in far-western Nepal, emphasizing literacy and critical thinking.
• Human Rights Advocate: Campaigned for human welfare, public health, and social equality.
• Peace & Diplomacy: Promoted world peace and dialogue; authored books on social reform and governance.
• Cultural Contributions: Preserved Nepalese literature, culture, and history through writing and advocacy.

Legacy

Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh is remembered as a visionary humanist, whose work in education and social welfare shaped Nepal’s progressive movement. Schools, awards, and foundations continue to honor his contributions.

Why National Heroes Were Declared

The 18 National Heroes of Nepal were recognized for:

• Defending sovereignty against foreign powers.
• Promoting religion, philosophy, and morality.
• Uplifting literature, language, and education.
• Inspiring equality and social reform.
• Representing Nepal globally in art, architecture, and mountaineering.

Conclusion

The 18 National Heroes of Nepal are not just figures of the past—they are timeless icons who continue to inspire the present and future. Their sacrifices, reforms, and achievements collectively shaped Nepal’s cultural, spiritual, and political identity.

By honoring them, Nepal preserves its rich history while passing down values of courage, justice, wisdom, equality, and unity to future generations.

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