Introduction
Dharahara, also known as Bhimsen Tower, is one of Nepal’s most iconic landmarks, deeply embedded in the nation’s history, culture, and identity. It has stood tall in Kathmandu for nearly two centuries, serving as a symbol of resilience and national pride. Originally built in the early 19th century under the leadership of Bhimsen Thapa, the tower has witnessed political transformations, natural disasters, and historical milestones.
Despite suffering multiple destructions due to earthquakes, Dharahara has always found a way to rise again, reflecting the unbreakable spirit of the Nepali people. The most devastating blow came in 2015, when a 7.8 magnitude earthquake completely reduced it to rubble, taking with it around 180 lives. However, determined to preserve this cultural treasure, Nepal embarked on a mission to rebuild a stronger, safer, and grander Dharahara, ensuring that future generations could continue to cherish this historical monument.
This article delves into Dharahara’s origins, architectural evolution, destruction and reconstruction, cultural significance, and its role in modern Nepal.
1. The Birth of Dharahara: A Vision of Bhimsen Thapa
Who Was Bhimsen Thapa?
To understand Dharahara’s history, we must first understand Bhimsen Thapa. He was Nepal’s first Mukhtiyar (equivalent to Prime Minister) and a central figure in Nepal’s military and political reforms during the early 19th century. Bhimsen Thapa played a crucial role in shaping modern Nepal, strengthening its military, and fortifying its independence against colonial British forces in India.
Bhimsen Thapa envisioned a Kathmandu that reflected Nepal’s strength and grandeur, and Dharahara was one of his many ambitious projects.
The Construction of Dharahara
The first Dharahara tower was built in 1824 inside Janarala Bagh, Bhimsen Thapa’s residence. This tower stood tall at 11 stories (around 61 meters or 200 feet high), making it one of the tallest structures in Nepal at the time.
However, Bhimsen Thapa was not the only one interested in grand architectural projects. His niece, Queen Lalit Tripurasundari, recognized the importance of the structure and ordered the construction of a second Dharahara tower near Sundhara in 1832.
This second Dharahara, which stood slightly taller than the first one, became the more prominent and well-known tower. The first Dharahara was damaged in the 1834 earthquake, leaving only the second tower standing.
2. The Purpose of Dharahara: More Than Just a Tower
Dharahara was not originally built as a tourist attraction or an aesthetic monument. It served multiple practical and strategic purposes:
- Military Watchtower
- Due to its towering height, Dharahara was used as a military watchtower to monitor the Kathmandu Valley.
- Soldiers stationed at the top could spot potential invaders and relay warnings to the army.
- Communication and Announcements
- The tower was used to signal important announcements to the public.
- Bugles were blown from the top to summon soldiers for assembly at Tundikhel, the city’s central military ground.
- Symbol of Power and Prestige
- The height of Dharahara reflected Bhimsen Thapa’s power and Nepal’s sovereignty.
- During his rule, Nepal was in constant tension with the British East India Company, and Dharahara stood as a monument of defiance and strength.
Over time, as Nepal modernized and warfare evolved, Dharahara lost its military significance and became a historical and cultural landmark.
3. Dharahara’s Struggle: Earthquakes and Destruction
Nepal sits on a seismically active zone, meaning earthquakes are frequent and often devastating. Dharahara has been no stranger to destruction, having collapsed multiple times throughout history.
Major Earthquakes That Damaged Dharahara
1. 1834 Earthquake (First Blow to Dharahara)
- The first Dharahara tower (built in 1824) was severely damaged and was never rebuilt.
- The second Dharahara (built in 1832) survived but suffered some structural damage.
2. 1934 Earthquake (Massive Destruction)
- On January 15, 1934, a 8.0 magnitude earthquake hit Nepal, causing extensive damage across the country.
- Dharahara collapsed completely, leaving only two stories standing.
- The tower was rebuilt by Prime Minister Juddha Shumsher Rana, though at a shorter height—9 stories instead of 11.
3. 2015 Earthquake (Complete Collapse and Tragedy)
- On April 25, 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck Nepal, causing Dharahara to collapse entirely.
- Around 180 people who were inside or near the tower lost their lives.
- Only the base of the structure remained, buried under rubble.
- Nepal was left in shock and mourning, as Dharahara had become a cherished monument of national pride.
4. The Reconstruction of Dharahara: A Tower Reborn
After the 2015 earthquake, the Nepalese government and citizens were determined to rebuild Dharahara. The reconstruction was not just about restoring a historical monument—it was about restoring hope and resilience.
Steps Taken to Rebuild Dharahara
- 2016: The government announced plans to rebuild Dharahara.
- 2018: The foundation stone was laid on December 27.
- 2021: The new Dharahara was inaugurated on April 24, 2021.
- 2024: The public was granted full access on September 19, 2024.
New Features of Dharahara (2024 Version)
The newly constructed Dharahara is not just a replica of the old one—it is stronger, safer, and more functional.
- Height: 72 meters (236 feet)
- Floors: 22 stories (including two underground levels)
- Materials: Reinforced earthquake-resistant concrete and steel
- Modern Facilities:
- Elevators and wider staircases
- A museum displaying Dharahara’s history
- A viewing platform with a 360-degree panoramic view
- A cultural exhibition center
- A food court and shopping area
This new version of Dharahara ensures that the tragedy of 2015 is not repeated, incorporating modern engineering and safety measures while preserving its historical essence.
5. The Cultural and Emotional Significance of Dharahara
Dharahara has always been more than just bricks and mortar. It is an emotionally charged symbol for Nepalese people.
- Resilience and Rebirth
- Every time Dharahara fell, Nepal rose again. Its history reflects the unbreakable spirit of Nepalese people.
- A Tribute to Bhimsen Thapa
- Despite being politically controversial, Bhimsen Thapa’s contribution to Nepal remains undeniable.
- Dharahara remains one of his greatest legacies.
- A National Identity
- Much like the Eiffel Tower in France or Big Ben in London, Dharahara is a symbol of Kathmandu.
- A Place of Remembrance
- The 2015 earthquake left deep scars, and Dharahara stands as a reminder of the lives lost and the lessons learned.
Conclusion: Dharahara—Standing Tall Once Again
Dharahara is not just a monument—it is a living symbol of Nepal’s strength, culture, and perseverance. It has been built, destroyed, and rebuilt, each time standing stronger and taller than before.
As visitors climb its spiral staircase or gaze at Kathmandu from its top, they are not just looking at a tower; they are witnessing history, resilience, and a testament to Nepal’s spirit.
Who built Dharahara and why?
Dharahara was built by Bhimsen Thapa, the first Mukhtiyar (Prime Minister) of Nepal, under the patronage of Queen Lalit Tripurasundari in 1832. It was originally meant to be a military watchtower and later became a symbol of national pride.
How tall is Dharahara?
The original Dharahara was 11 stories (61 meters or 200 feet) tall. The newly reconstructed Dharahara is 22 stories (72 meters or 236 feet) tall and features modern earthquake-resistant engineering.
How many times has Dharahara been destroyed?
harahara has collapsed twice due to major earthquakes:
1934 Earthquake (8.0 magnitude): Collapsed, later rebuilt with 9 stories.
2015 Earthquake (7.8 magnitude): Completely destroyed, killing around 180 people.
What are the new features of Dharahara?
The newly built Dharahara has:
✔ Earthquake-resistant structure
✔ A viewing deck with a 360-degree panoramic view of Kathmandu
✔ An elevator (along with stairs)
✔ A museum showcasing Dharahara’s history
✔ A cultural exhibition center
✔ A shopping area and food court
Can visitors go inside Dharahara?
Yes! Dharahara is open to the public, and visitors can climb to the top using either the staircase or elevator.
How much does it cost to visit Dharahara?
For Nepali citizens: NPR 100
For SAARC nationals: NPR 500
For other foreign visitors: NPR 1,000
Children and senior citizens get discounted tickets.
