All 12 National Parks of Nepal

list of National Parks Of Nepal

National Park	Location	Area (km²)
Chitwan National Park	Central Terai	952.63
Sagarmatha National Park	Himalayan region	1,148
Langtang National Park	Mountain region	1,710
Rara National Park	Mountain region	106
Khaptad National Park	Mid-mountain region	225
Shey Phoksundo National Park	Trans-Himalayan region	3,555
Shuklaphanta National Park	Sudurpashchim Province	305
Banke National Park	Lumbini Province	550
Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park	Mid-Hills region near Kathmandu Valley	159
Makalu Barun National Park	Province No. 1, Nepal	1500
Parsa National Park	Terai region	627.39
Bardia National Park	Terai region	968

1. Chitwan National Park

Established in 1973 as the Royal Chitwan National Park, Chitwan National Park holds the distinction of being Nepal’s first national park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Nestled in the subtropical Inner Terai lowlands of south-central Nepal, the park spans an expansive 952.63 km², covering Nawalpur, Chitwan, Makwanpur, and Parsa Districts. The park’s elevation ranges from 100 m in the river valleys to 815 m in the Sivalik Hills, bordered by the Narayani-Rapti river system to the north and west, creating a natural demarcation from human settlements. Parsa National Park adjoins it to the east, and to the south lies the Indian Tiger Reserve Valmiki National Park.

Biodiversity

Chitwan National Park is a haven of biodiversity, hosting 68 species of mammals, 544 species of birds, 56 species of herpetofauna, and 126 species of fish. It is particularly renowned for its successful conservation efforts, safeguarding the One-Horned Rhinoceros, Royal Bengal Tiger, and Gharial Crocodile. The park’s commitment to conservation is further evident in its Ramsar Site – Beeshazari Tal, located in the buffer zone.

Park Management and Conflict Resolution

With over three decades of history in park management, Chitwan National Park boasts a wealth of experience in addressing conflicts between the park and local communities. This harmonious coexistence between nature and people underscores the park’s commitment to balancing conservation goals with the needs of the community.

Tourism and Economic Impact

Tourism in Chitwan National Park commenced in the early 1960s and has since seen a steady rise, contributing significantly to the local economy and residents’ quality of life. The influx of tourists attests to the park’s allure, drawing visitors with its diverse wildlife, lush landscapes, and unique cultural experiences.

2. Sagarmatha National Park

Sagarmatha National Park, established in 1976, is a breathtaking expanse nestled in the eastern Himalayas of Nepal, dominated by the world’s highest peak, Mount Everest. Covering 1,148 km² in the Solukhumbu District, it boasts elevations from 2,845 to 8,848 m, culminating at Everest’s summit.

The park’s dramatic terrain comprises soaring mountains, glaciers, and deep valleys. To the north, it shares a border with Qomolangma National Nature Preserve in the Tibet Autonomous Region, while Makalu Barun National Park lies to the east, and the Dudh Kosi river bounds its southern reaches. As part of the Sacred Himalayan Landscape, Sagarmatha National Park is a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site since 1979, with an additional Buffer Zone of 275 km² added in 2002.

Biodiversity and Conservation

This pristine sanctuary harbors the upper catchment areas of the Dudh Kosi and Bhotekoshi rivers, along with the Gokyo Lakes. It is a haven for rare species like the elusive snow leopard and the charming red panda. The park’s vegetation spans from temperate and subalpine at 3,000 m to alpine above 4,000 m, boasting a rich floral diversity of over 1,000 recorded species.

Conservation efforts extend to the Sherpa people who have inhabited the region for centuries. Their cultural practices, including restrictions on hunting and reverence for all living beings, coalesce seamlessly with the park’s conservation goals.

Cultural Riches and Tourism Impact

Sagarmatha National Park is not just a sanctuary of nature but also home to the resilient Sherpa community. Their enduring culture, intertwined with spiritual beliefs, adds a unique dimension to this Himalayan jewel. Tourism, initiated in the 1960s, has seen a steady rise, from 3,600 visitors in 1979 to over 25,000 in 2010. This influx has significantly uplifted the local economy, providing improved health, education, and infrastructure facilities.

3. Langtang National Park

Established in 1976, Langtang National Park stands as Nepal’s inaugural Himalayan national park, nestled in the central Himalayan region across Nuwakot, Rasuwa, and Sindhulpalchok Districts, covering an expansive 1,710 km². As an integral part of the Sacred Himalayan Landscape, it shares borders with Qomolangma National Nature Preserve in the north, while the Bhote Koshi and Trishuli rivers mark its eastern and western boundaries. The park’s landscape features the iconic Gosainkunda lake at 4,300 m and the majestic Dorje Lakpa range at 6,988 m.

Rich Biodiversity and Flora

Langtang National Park showcases remarkable biodiversity and an array of ecosystems, ranging from upper tropical forests below 1,000 m to alpine scrub and perennial ice. The park boasts an impressive array of vegetation, including Sal, Chirpine, Rhododendron, Nepalese alder, oak, silver fir, hemlock, larch, and birch. With over 1,000 recorded floral species, the park is a botanical paradise.

Community Engagement and Conservation

Home to 26 village communities, including the picturesque Langtang valley, the park involves local communities in decision-making, particularly in managing the park’s buffer zone added in 1998. Covering 420 km², this buffer zone serves as a vital space for community development and natural resource management, utilizing park revenue for these purposes.

Diverse Fauna and Climate Dynamics

Langtang National Park, bridging the Indo-Malayan and Palearctic realms, boasts a diverse fauna that includes ungulates like musk deer and Himalayan tahr. The park’s climate, influenced by the southwest summer monsoon, exhibits significant temperature variations due to its extreme altitudinal range.

4. Rara National Park

Nestled in the breathtaking Himalayas of Nepal, Rara National Park, established in 1976, stands as a testament to the country’s commitment to preserving natural beauty and biodiversity. Despite being the smallest national park in Nepal, covering an area of 106 km² in the Mugu and Jumla districts, Rara National Park is a treasure trove of unique flora and fauna.

Rara Lake: Alpine Beauty

The park’s centerpiece is the stunning Rara Lake, Nepal’s largest lake, situated at an elevation of 2,990 m. This alpine freshwater lake, covering 10.8 km² with a maximum depth of 167 m, is an oval-shaped jewel with an east-west axis. Its radiant blue waters are inhabited by the snow trout, the sole fish species recorded in the lake.

Diverse Flora and Vegetation

Surrounding the lake is a magnificent conifer forest, primarily dominated by blue pine. The vegetation showcases a transition with altitude, featuring blue pine, rhododendron, west Himalayan spruce, black juniper, and Himalayan cypress below 3,200 m. Above 3,200 m, a coniferous forest of fir, spruce, and pine graces the landscape.

Wildlife Sanctuary

Rara National Park serves as a haven for wildlife, hosting an impressive array of 51 mammal species and 241 recorded bird species. Among the residents are the musk deer, Himalayan black bear, Indian leopard, jackal, Himalayan tahr, yellow-throated marten, otter, dhole, gray langur, rhesus macaque, and the elusive red panda.

Climate and Best Times to Visit

The park experiences a pleasant summer climate but can become very cold in winter due to its high altitude. Optimal times for a visit are in September, October, April, and May, while winter temperatures drop below freezing, and high passes may be blocked by snow.

Conservation Commitment

Managed by the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation and protected with the assistance of the Nepal Army, Rara National Park was established to safeguard the unique beauty of Lake Rara and the representative flora and fauna of the Humla-Jumla region.

5. Khaptad National Park

Khaptad National Park, nestled in the Far-Western Region of Nepal, sprawls across 225 km². Encompassing four districts—Bajhang, Bajura, Achham, and Doti—the park’s elevation ranges from 1,400 m (4,600 ft) to 3,300 m (10,800 ft).

Flora and Fauna

This natural haven boasts a diverse range of flora and fauna, housing approximately 567 species of flora, including rhododendron forests, oak, and pine. The park is a habitat for 23 mammal species, such as leopards, Himalayan black bears, wild dogs, and musk deer. Additionally, bird enthusiasts can marvel at 287 bird species, including symbolic ones like the impeyan pheasant, peregrine falcon, and white-rumped vulture.

Cultural Significance

Khaptad National Park holds not only ecological but also cultural significance. The Khaptad Baba Ashram, a place of meditation and tranquility, is located within the park. Khaptad Baba, a revered spiritual saint, resided in this area for about 50 years. The park is adorned with religious sites, such as the Tribeni confluence formed by three rivers and a Shiva temple.

Trekking Experience

For adventure seekers, trekking in Khaptad National Park offers a challenging yet rewarding experience. Trekkers can relish breathtaking views of the Saipal Himalayan Ranges and explore the park’s rich biodiversity. The optimal times to visit are during the spring (March-May) and autumn (October-November) seasons, providing pleasant trekking weather with temperatures ranging from 10°C to 20°C.

6. Shey Phoksundo National Park

Shey Phoksundo National Park, established in 1984, stands as the largest and sole trans-Himalayan national park in Nepal. Encompassing an expansive area of 3,555 km² (1,373 sq mi) in the districts of Dolpa and Mugu in the Mid-Western Region, Nepal, this protected area ranges from 2,130 to 6,885 m (6,988 to 22,589 ft) in elevation.

Phoksundo Lake: Crown Jewel of the Park

At the heart of the park lies the enchanting Phoksundo Lake, nestled at an elevation of 3,612 m (11,850 ft). Renowned for its mesmerizing turquoise color, the lake is encircled by glaciers. With a water surface spanning 494 ha (1,220 acres), Phoksundo Lake earned the distinction of being declared a Ramsar site in September 2007.

Flora and Fauna

The park is a haven for diverse flora and fauna. The northern regions showcase barren areas of the upper Himalayas and Trans-Himalayan slope lands adorned with rhododendron, caragana shrubs, Salix, Juniper, white Himalayan birch, and occasional silver fir.

Cultural Heritage

Shey Phoksundo National Park is not only a natural wonder but also a repository of cultural heritage. Within its expanse, several gompas, including the 11th-century Shey Gompa, dot the landscape. The park’s headquarters are situated in Palam, Dolpa District.

Trekking Adventure

Trekkers are beckoned by the park’s diverse and spectacular landscapes, making it one of the most scenic mountain parks globally. Trekking in Shey Phoksundo National Park promises a challenging yet immensely rewarding experience.

7. Shuklaphanta National Park

Nestled in the Terai region of the Far-Western Region, Nepal, Shuklaphanta National Park spans an expansive 305 km² (118 sq mi) of open grasslands, forests, riverbeds, and tropical wetlands, situated at an elevation ranging from 174 to 1,386 m (571 to 4,547 ft). Bounded by the Mahakali river in the west and south, the park boasts a rich history, evolving from a royal hunting area to a designated national park.

Historical Evolution

Initially designated as a Royal Hunting Forest in 1969, covering 131 km², it transformed into the Royal Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve in 1976, expanding to 155 km². Further extensions in 1994 brought it to its current size of 305 km². The surrounding 243.5 km² was declared a buffer zone in 2004, fostering conservation efforts in collaboration with local communities. The reserve transitioned into the Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve in 2006, attaining national park status in 2017.

Flora and Fauna

Shuklaphanta National Park is a sanctuary for biodiversity, housing around 700 species of flora, including sal forests and savanna. The park supports a diverse range of fauna, with 46 mammal species, 424 bird species, 56 reptile species, and 15 amphibian species. Bengal Tigers, Indian leopards, elephants, and the globally acclaimed one-horned rhinoceros from Chitwan National Park are among the notable mammals. The presence of Blackbucks and the largest population of swamp deer in the world adds to the park’s ecological richness.

Tourist Experience

Renowned as a paradise for wildlife observation, Shuklaphanta National Park offers jungle safaris, providing visitors with an opportunity to witness surreal landscapes and abundant wildlife. The beauty of Western Nepal is encapsulated within the park, attracting nature lovers and wildlife enthusiasts alike.

8. Banke National Park

Established on July 12th, 2010, Banke National Park stands as the tenth national park in Nepal, located in the Mid-Western Region. Spanning an extensive 550 km² (212 sq mi), with its buffer zone extending into Banke, Bardia, Dang, and Salyan districts, the park is a testament to Nepal’s commitment to biodiversity conservation.

Flora and Fauna

Banke National Park boasts a rich variety of ecosystems, including Sal forests, deciduous Riverine forests, savannahs, grasslands, mixed hardwood forests, flood plains, Bhabar, and foothills of the Chure range. Home to more than 113 tree species, 85 shrub and climber species, and 107 herbal species, the park is a haven for diverse flora. The protected area also hosts iconic wildlife, including the majestic tiger and the unique four-horned antelope.

Transboundary Connectivity

The park plays a crucial role in transboundary conservation, linking with the Suhelwa Wildlife Sanctuary in India to the south. It also connects with Bardia National Park to the west, forming a vital corridor that further links with Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary in India through the Khata corridor, national forests, and community forests.

Tourist Experience

Banke National Park offers a unique and immersive experience for nature enthusiasts and wildlife lovers. From jungle safaris to exploring diverse ecosystems, visitors can witness the beauty of this natural wonder in Nepal. The park’s proximity to Bardia National Park makes it an attractive destination for those seeking a comprehensive wildlife experience.

9. Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park

Established in 2002, Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park holds the distinction of being Nepal’s ninth national park. Nestled in the mid-hills on the northern fringe of the Kathmandu Valley, it encompasses an area of 159 km² (61 sq mi) spanning the districts of Kathmandu, Nuwakot, and Sindhupalchowk. The park derives its name from Shivapuri Peak, standing proudly at an altitude of 2,732 m (8,963 ft).

Flora and Fauna

The park is a biodiversity hotspot, featuring a middle hill forest with altitudes ranging from 1,000 to 1,800 m (3,300 to 5,900 ft). This diverse landscape hosts Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests in the lower and upper subtropical bioclimatic zones. Chir pine stands grace the southern dry ridges, while alder, wild Himalayan cherry, Engelhardia, and ring-cupped oak thrive along streams. Higher elevations boast a rich variety of medicinal herbs, and botanists have documented an impressive 2,122 floral species, including 16 endemic plants and 449 vascular plants.

Wildlife

The fauna of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park is equally captivating, featuring a range of species such as the Indian leopard, jungle cat, Himalayan black bear, golden jackal, and the elusive yellow-throated marten. The park is also home to various mammals, including the Indian muntjac, wild boar, rhesus monkey, and the Chinese pangolin.

Historical and Recreational Significance

Beyond its natural wonders, the park encompasses historical and religious sites, offering a blend of cultural and natural experiences. Popular among both locals and tourists, it serves as a favored hiking destination. The park’s hiking routes provide a scenic retreat for those seeking a day of exploration and communion with nature.

Transitional Climate Zone

Situated in a transitional zone between subtropical and temperate climates, Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park offers a diverse climatic experience. This unique setting contributes to the park’s ecological richness and provides visitors with varied environmental encounters.

10. Makalu Barun National Park

Established in 1992, Makalu Barun National Park is a Himalayan gem, renowned for its breathtaking landscapes and unique biodiversity. Located in the Solukhumbu and Sankhuwasabha districts of Nepal, this national park covers an expansive area of 1,500 km², encompassing diverse ecosystems from tropical forests to snow-capped peaks. The rugged grandeur of Makalu (8,463 m), Chamalang (7,319 m), Baruntse (7,129 m), and Mera (6,654 m) adds to the allure of this pristine sanctuary.

Flora and Fauna

Makalu Barun National Park is a haven for nature enthusiasts, boasting a rich tapestry of flora and fauna. The park is adorned with 25 species of rhododendron, 47 types of orchids, and 56 rare plants, creating a vibrant botanical spectacle. The fauna includes elusive species like the snow leopard, red panda, musk deer, and wild boar. With 284 species of vascular plants and 88 mammal species, the park stands as a testament to Nepal’s ecological wealth.

Cultural Significance

Beyond its natural wonders, the park holds cultural significance as part of the Sacred Himalayan Landscape. The exploration of the Barun Valley in the 1980s, led by The Mountain Institute, not only uncovered the valley’s biological richness but also contributed to the park’s creation. This region is a blend of natural beauty and cultural heritage, making it a compelling destination for those seeking both adventure and cultural exploration.

Trekking Experience

Trekking in Makalu Barun National Park is a challenging yet rewarding experience. The journey unfolds amid terraced farmland, rhododendron forests, alpine meadows, and steep granite cliffs, offering a diverse range of landscapes. The trek involves significant elevation changes, climbing and descending between 3,500 m to 4,200 m, providing adventurers with stunning vistas of mountains, rivers, and lakes. The route takes you through the Barun River Valley, past moraines, glaciers, and spectacular waterfalls, creating an immersive experience in nature. One striking feature of this trek is the limited number of hikers, allowing for a more intimate connection with the local culture and the Sherpa way of life.

11. Parsa National Park

Nestled in the Inner Terai lowlands of south-central Nepal, Parsa National Park spans an expansive 627.39 km², encompassing the districts of Parsa, Makwanpur, and Bara. With altitudes ranging from 435 m to 950 m in the Siwalik Hills, the park unfolds a diverse topography that includes riverine forests along the banks and extends eastward to the Hetauda and Birgunj highway. This natural haven shares its western border with the renowned Chitwan National Park.

History

Once a hunting ground for the ruling class, Parsa National Park transitioned into a wildlife reserve in 1984, becoming a testament to Nepal’s commitment to conservation. In 2017, it achieved the status of a National Park, marking a crucial milestone in the preservation of its rich biodiversity.

Flora and Fauna

Parsa National Park boasts a rich tapestry of flora, with sal forests dominating 90% of the vegetation, complemented by riverine forests, pine forests, and the commercially significant Sabai grass. The park is a sanctuary for endangered species, including the wild Asian elephant, Royal Bengal tiger, sloth bear, and leopard. The diverse ecosystems support a thriving wildlife population, with blue bull, sambar, chital, hog deer, langur, and various bird species finding refuge within the park.

Trekking Experience

For nature enthusiasts and adventure seekers, Parsa National Park offers an array of hiking trails that wind through dense forests and expansive grasslands. These trails provide an immersive experience into the heart of the wilderness, allowing trekkers to appreciate the park’s stunning landscapes. To enhance safety and ecological understanding, guided tours by knowledgeable experts are recommended. Wildlife safaris, led by experienced park rangers, present a unique opportunity to witness elusive creatures in their natural habitat.

12. Bardia National Park

Established in 1988, Bardia National Park stands as the largest and most pristine national park in Nepal’s Terai region, sprawling across 968 km² along the eastern bank of the Karnali River, bisected by the Babai River in the Bardiya District. This biodiverse haven, located in south-western Nepal, encompasses a mosaic of forests, grasslands, and riverine ecosystems, making it a treasure trove for wildlife enthusiasts and nature lovers.

History

Bardia National Park has a rich history, evolving from a hunting reserve for Royal families to its current status as a National Park. Originally named Royal Bardia National Park, it underwent transformations in nomenclature and expansions in size, culminating in its designation as a National Park in 1988. The park’s conservation efforts include the translocation of Greater One-horned Rhinoceros from Chitwan National Park, contributing to the preservation of this endangered species.

Flora and Fauna

With approximately 70% of its area cloaked in forests and the remainder comprising a blend of grasslands and riverine forests, Bardia National Park is a haven for biodiversity. The park hosts an impressive array of flora, with 839 recorded species, including the iconic sal forests and commercially valuable Sabai grass. The park’s fauna is equally diverse, featuring endangered species such as the wild Asian elephant, Royal Bengal tiger, sloth bear, and leopard. The river systems within the park harbor a rich aquatic life, with 125 recorded species of fish.

Trekking Experience

Embarking on a trek in Bardia National Park offers a unique and challenging adventure. The journey commences in warm terraced farmland, gradually ascending through rhododendron forests and alpine meadows. Traversing the Babai River Valley, trekkers encounter granite cliffs, moraines, glaciers, and breathtaking waterfalls. The trek involves substantial elevation changes between 3500m to 4200m, providing panoramic views and a chance to witness the local Sherpa culture. A notable aspect is the rarity of encountering fellow hikers, offering an exclusive opportunity to immerse oneself in the natural beauty and cultural richness of the region.

Conclusion

These parks are home to a wide variety of flora and fauna and are a testament to the country’s rich biodiversity. They offer opportunities for wildlife viewing, trekking, and experiencing the natural beauty of Nepal.

Also Read: Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve in Nepal